really depends on how far you take it...
upgraded valve springs will increase cam wear and potentially valve seat wear. higher boost will increase wear on valve seals and intercooler boots... running at 600hp power level ALL THE TIME will wear out tires and rear ends and transmissions /u joints and xfer cases a lot faster than a mildly modified truck will.
it all really just depends on the driver of the truck and the mods, how well the truck is maintained, the quality of the fuel, lubricants, and filtration, outside conditions, etc.
if it makes you feel any better, there is a 24v 6-spd truck running an edge box and either rv275's or 50hp injectors that hauls trailers every day of its life...it has over 2 million miles on the original engine, trans, and rear end. (nv5600 and D80 rear)
old timer owns it and runs synthetic oil in the whole rig and if ANYTHING on the truck stops working, leaks, breaks, it gets fixed right away. he doesn't f-around with that truck because it is what makes him money as his business is hauling cars cross country.