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AAMA
American Automobile Manufacturers Association consisting of Chrysler, Ford Motor Company and General Motors. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, AAMA proposes lubricant standard classifications and specifications for the U.S. automobile industry.
acidity
The amount of free acid in any substance.
additive
An agent used for imparting new or for improving existing characteristics of lubricating oils or greases.
additive treat level
The total percentage of all additives in an lubricating oil or grease.
AGMA
Abbreviation for American Gear Manufacturers Association.
air entrainment
The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid. Air may be entrained in a liquid through mechanical means and/or by release of dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment. The presence of entrained air is usually readily apparent from the appearance of the liquid (ex: bubbly, opaque, etc.) while dissolved air can only be determined by analysis.
alkali
In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water. They have the power to neutralize acids and to form salts with them and to turn red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals-barium, calcium and strontium.
Almen EP lubricant tester
A journal bearing machine used for determining the load-carrying capacity or extreme pressure properties of gear lubricants.
aniline point
The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. ASTM Method D-611 describes procedures for determining aniline point and mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. A product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and naphthenes and, therefore, high in paraffins. Aniline point is often specified for spray oils, cleaning solvents, and thinners, where effectiveness depends upon aromatic content. In conjunction with API gravity, the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels.
antifoam agent
An additive used for controlling foam.
Anti-friction bearing
A type of bearing employing rollers or balls. They are now usually called rolling bearings.
Antiknock
Resistance to detonation or pinging in spark-ignition engines.
antioxidant
A chemical agent added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc., to inhibit oxidation.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
API Engine Service Classification System
Classifications and designations for lubricating oils for automotive engines developed by API in conjunction with SAE and ASTM.
API gravity
An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. It may be calculated in terms of the following formula:
Deg API = 141.5 - 131.5
sp gr 60°F/60°F
apparent viscosity
The ratio of shear stress to rate of shear of a non-Newtonian fluid such as lubricating grease, calculated from
Poiseuille's equation and measured in poises. The apparent viscosity changes with changing rates of shear and temperature and must, therefore, be reported as the value at a given shear rate and temperature (ASTM Method D-1092).
aromatic (adjective)
Derived from, or characterized by, the presence of the benzene ring.
ash content
The percent by weight of residue left after combustion of a sample of a fuel oil or other petroleum oil; it is usually determined in the United States by ASTM Method D-482.
asphalt
Black to dark-brown solid or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature; are obtained by refining petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.
asphaltic
Essentially composed of, or similar to, asphalt; frequently applied to lubricating oils derived from crude oils which contain asphalt.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials, which Committee D-2 is on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
ASTM colorimeter
Apparatus widely used for determining the color of lubricating oil. It is described in ASTM Method D-1500. The color so determined is known as ASTM Color.
ASTM gum test
1. An analytical method for determining the amount of existing gum in a gasoline by evaporating a sample from a glass dish on an elevated-temperature bath with the aid of circulating air.
2. Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure. (ASTM Method D-381 and ASTM Method D-525 are generally used in the United States for the determination of gum in motor gasoline.)
AAMA
American Automobile Manufacturers Association consisting of Chrysler, Ford Motor Company and General Motors. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, AAMA proposes lubricant standard classifications and specifications for the U.S. automobile industry.
acidity
The amount of free acid in any substance.
additive
An agent used for imparting new or for improving existing characteristics of lubricating oils or greases.
additive treat level
The total percentage of all additives in an lubricating oil or grease.
AGMA
Abbreviation for American Gear Manufacturers Association.
air entrainment
The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid. Air may be entrained in a liquid through mechanical means and/or by release of dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment. The presence of entrained air is usually readily apparent from the appearance of the liquid (ex: bubbly, opaque, etc.) while dissolved air can only be determined by analysis.
alkali
In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water. They have the power to neutralize acids and to form salts with them and to turn red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals-barium, calcium and strontium.
Almen EP lubricant tester
A journal bearing machine used for determining the load-carrying capacity or extreme pressure properties of gear lubricants.
aniline point
The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. ASTM Method D-611 describes procedures for determining aniline point and mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. A product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and naphthenes and, therefore, high in paraffins. Aniline point is often specified for spray oils, cleaning solvents, and thinners, where effectiveness depends upon aromatic content. In conjunction with API gravity, the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels.
antifoam agent
An additive used for controlling foam.
Anti-friction bearing
A type of bearing employing rollers or balls. They are now usually called rolling bearings.
Antiknock
Resistance to detonation or pinging in spark-ignition engines.
antioxidant
A chemical agent added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc., to inhibit oxidation.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
API Engine Service Classification System
Classifications and designations for lubricating oils for automotive engines developed by API in conjunction with SAE and ASTM.
API gravity
An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. It may be calculated in terms of the following formula:
Deg API = 141.5 - 131.5
sp gr 60°F/60°F
apparent viscosity
The ratio of shear stress to rate of shear of a non-Newtonian fluid such as lubricating grease, calculated from
Poiseuille's equation and measured in poises. The apparent viscosity changes with changing rates of shear and temperature and must, therefore, be reported as the value at a given shear rate and temperature (ASTM Method D-1092).
aromatic (adjective)
Derived from, or characterized by, the presence of the benzene ring.
ash content
The percent by weight of residue left after combustion of a sample of a fuel oil or other petroleum oil; it is usually determined in the United States by ASTM Method D-482.
asphalt
Black to dark-brown solid or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature; are obtained by refining petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.
asphaltic
Essentially composed of, or similar to, asphalt; frequently applied to lubricating oils derived from crude oils which contain asphalt.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials, which Committee D-2 is on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
ASTM colorimeter
Apparatus widely used for determining the color of lubricating oil. It is described in ASTM Method D-1500. The color so determined is known as ASTM Color.
ASTM gum test
1. An analytical method for determining the amount of existing gum in a gasoline by evaporating a sample from a glass dish on an elevated-temperature bath with the aid of circulating air.
2. Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure. (ASTM Method D-381 and ASTM Method D-525 are generally used in the United States for the determination of gum in motor gasoline.)